Electrical Usage
Some gas hot water heaters can have electrical circuits, requiring a power connection, to monitor and control the heater, making it more efficient. If this is the case, it is wired to its own circuit breaker in accordance with the National Electrical Code, article 220-30 for new construction or 220-31 for existing structures.
Pre-existing Breaker
It may well be that there is a circuit breaker marked as the water heater that is not actually connected to the gas water heater. It is possible there was an electric model present prior to a gas model.
It is also common practice for electricians to include breakers for electric water heaters, ranges, dryers, etc. when installing the main electrical panel—whether they will see immediate use or not.
Local Codes
While the NEC does not require a water heater breaker for a home without an electric water heater, local codes may require a breaker to be installed for an electric model, even if not used. The reason for this is simply to ensure a house has a complete electrical system for all possible situations.
